Iranian Historical houses constitute a significant part of the architectural heritage of the country both qualitatively and quantitatively though due research is not conducted on them. This study investigates t0he physical evolution of Qajar house of Baqeri in Gorganand attempts to monitor life stream over its lifespan. The study also investigates the effect of external transformations on architectural evolutions in this house. The study adopted a combined approach and cited evidence both form the building and its periphery. The study revealed that the architecture of this house corresponds to the lifestyle, social milieu, economic conditions, technology, beliefs and tastes of its residents over the course of its history. Each of these factors was found to influence the creation of house atmosphere consistent with form, scale and proportions of the building.

Before Qajar era, the vernacular architecture was widely used in Gilan with totally climatic approach. Current methods were completely changed by the arrival of Qajar architecture, which was a combination of imported architecture and previous architectural style. It is important to say that the Iranian architect tries to find local elements in the process of building and so it helped him to persist Gilan’ s vernacular climatic architecture approach. In the other words, how and to what extent did vernacular climatic approaches and imported elements affect the process of building and building itself? The main question of this research is as the following: Was the combination of the patterns in conformity with residents’ needs? This issue is very important especially in the process of documentation of Historical buildings, which indicates the necessity of keeping ancient and valuable architectural works as well as its conformity with the current architecture of the region to achieve sustainable patterns in construction. One of the most important findings of the current research is the combination of the two climatic and stylistic approaches in the architecture of Sadeqi’ s house. Studying the architectural elements in this building show that instead of being completely influenced by a type of architecture including numerous signs of richness and pride, combination of Gilan’ s climatic architecture and the imported architecture was used in this building.

Urban tourism is a type of tourism industry that has widely become successful. This type of tourism has not received much attention not only for the development of the economy but also as a carrier of the history and culture of different cities. The landscape approach to urban elements with attention to different dimensions, temporal-spatial, civilizational-Historical and objective-mental dimensions, simultaneously in the city, can redefine various attractions in urban tourism. Regardless of the modernity of landscape knowledge, the landscape approach is one of the strategies that are used currently in several issues related to the city, since this approach has special and unique features due to the nature of the landscape. On the other hand, it creates a different perspective of the city and its elements. Public spaces are part of urban spaces that have received less attention in Iranian cities. Spaces such as baths, bazaars, mosques, zourkhanehs, coffee houses, etc. are among these spaces. The coffee house is an institution with a social function that has been established in Iran since the Safavid era and over time has played several roles in society. It has become one of the distinctive elements in the Iranian city over the last few hundred years. The coffee houses were established based on the needs of the people. In addition to a place to eat and drink and a place to spend time, it has become a place that had effective functions in other areas such as culture, literature, and art in the Iranian city. A descriptive analytics method and documentary studies were used to categorize the different functions of the coffee houses using the landscape approach. In light of the redefined connotation and identity of the coffee house, it seems this place can be considered as a tourist landscape with an irreplaceable attraction in Iranian urban tourism.

The relationship between Historical Sociology (HS) and International Relations (IR) is one of the relatively new fields of study, which has attracted the attention of researchers and activists of both fields during the last few decades. In other words, the impact of the international environment on internal developments is the basis for the emergence of this field of study with general titles such as International Historical Sociology (IHS) or Historical Sociology of International Relations (HSIR) during the first years or decade of the current century. The theoretical research on the book “Global Historical Sociology” (GHS), raises the question of whether it is possible to know global Historical sociology as a conjuncture point between the mentioned fields of study. The authors of the book criticized this tenet as a transdisciplinary branch that includes three areas: World Sociology, Historical Sociology, and World History. The studies carried out show that ambiguity in the possibility of methodological integration of the fields of sociology and history on the one hand and neglecting the position of the state in global transformations or its overlapping with the newly emerging field of Global Studies causes the current deficiencies in the content and methodological coherence of the book. However, the mentioned attitude can be more carefully considered and developed in the future. In this article, it will be tried to express the strengths and weaknesses of this work with a critical view.

One of the main architectural characteristics in the central area of Iran is the relation between life and climatic conditions; e. g., the four-seasonal house which is a typical kind of the central-yard house. As the climate of Isfahan is more pleasant than other desert regions in the central part of Iran, wind towers are replaced with skylights to ventilate the pool area of hozekhane. So far, several researches have been carried out to study the stack effect characteristics and to review wind tower performance. In this paper, a case study is carried out to investigate the effect of the skylight of Mosaver-al-Molki house on the flow pattern and natural ventilation. The performance of skylight on the internal air flow patterns as an effective tool in improving the natural ventilation is investigated by using the Ansys Fluent software. Other elements which have been discussed in this paper are the vault and the columns. These elements have a distinguished effect on distribution of inlet streams in different parts of the hoze-khane. Analysis of the simulation results were obtained for wind velocities of 2. 5 m/s and 8 m/s. The numerical results show that wind speed of 2. 5 m/s has better performance than wind speed of 8 m/s in terms of ventilation.

Plaster motifs in the architecture of the Historical house of Boroujerdi have been used not only for decoration of the house but as symbols to convey certain concepts. The diversity used in these plaster works is very impressive and expresses the valuable architecture of its era in the city of Kashan. In many Historical houses of Kashan, which mainly belong to the Qajar period, stucco motifs can be seen in different areas of the house. This grand house, the house of Boroujerdi, has one of the highest ranks in terms of the abundance and multiplicity of motifs. The main goal of this research is to document as much as possible about one of the most important arts of the Qajar era, plaster art. As the first step, we classified the plaster motifs Based on their form and design. Secondly, we counted the motifs and recorded their locations. Finally, we investigated the hidden symbolic concepts in each motif. The present research was conducted using descriptive statistics and content analysis based on field observations, and matching the data with the concepts obtained from library studies. In this study, various information-gathering techniques such as observation, survey, imaging, and coding were used. Our observation discovered a great diversity of plaster motifs picturing objects, plants, fruits, animals, people, and extraterrestrial beings (Jinn). In addition, there were some filling motifs in the background including Khotai motifs. We were able to find 450 figures scattered in 8 locations, including the entrance, alcove, the north side of the courtyard, the decorative gable, the main hall, and the east and west rooms next to the main hall. The motifs concepts were taken from ancient myths, religious beliefs, professions, and occupations. However, a number of motifs are also created under the influence of Western art.

Position is a part of space whose identity is defined based on the features of on which it is located and it is a space that is meaningful for a person or some people. David Canter explained the relationship between human and space, and considers its extension to the physical realm to be significant. The main axis of the place theory is a model that represents the relationship between the constructive factors of each place and includes the physical characteristics of the environment, activities, and meaning. The question raised up here is how the grant application process and matching the human activities with the architectural body are recognized and implemented by considering the specific features and conditions of each set, and how the integrated whole can be made by creating a convergence between the constituent components of a Historical building? The main purpose of this study is paying attention to the necessity of the revival of Historical houses as a place and the case study is Molasadra Historical house in Kahak, Qom. The main perspective of the authors of this article is a case study in which it is attempted to collect the data by means of Historical interpretive method to make a better understanding of Molasadra house and its potential capabilities are based on the Canter’ s position model that necessitate the three elements of meaning, activity and body to identify a place and define adaptive applicatory features with the meanings of Historical building. In this regard, a suitable application for the Historical complex of Molasadra is under the title of knowledge and philosophy school of thought, this applicatory does not make a new meaning but adapts with the meaning of the building, and it includes the factors of body, meaning, and activity according to the Canter’ s position model.

This research article examines legal discrimination against children born out of wedlock in Iran. Despite laws promoting equality, societal attitudes influenced by beliefs continue to result in discrimination. The study explores the reconciliation of religious beliefs with legal frameworks and the changes made to the Iranian legal system in response to positive human rights developments. The Article seeks to bridge the research gaps by comparing the experiences of Iranian children with those in other countries affected by Islamic law. The study employs library sources and descriptive and Historical research methods to examine the legal status of children born outside of marriage, both nationally and internationally, and the discrimination they face. The Article is structured into four distinct sections: an analysis of Islamic Law, a review of the Iranian legal system, an assessment of Iran's compliance with international conventions, and a discourse on the necessity of substantial positive change. The Article ultimately recommends the eradication of discrimination through heightened awareness and the advancement of inclusivity for all children, irrespective of their lineage. In summary, this research Article aims to shed light on legal challenges faced by children born outside of marriage in Iran, with the goal of promoting positive changes in their treatment.

Urban fabric types may impact thermal comfort in the street canyons of traditional cities. The Historical houses of Dezful, belonging to the Qajar era, are located in 47 neighborhoods. Factors such as privacy, climate, the city’s commercial and security situation, and the Historical development process of the structures can affect the direction and width of the streets and alleys. The entrance is the first point of physical and functional definition of a house, reflecting the dominant cultural values of the society and the aesthetic views of the owners. The entrance has three parts: the part that interacts with the street, the part that relates to the private space, and the door place The research method is a combination of descriptive-analytical and field methods. By examining 20 house samples, the proportions of house entrances and alleys were analyzed. The old structure of Dezful included two mega neighborhoods. In the northern part of the city was the Heydarkhaneh neighborhood, and in the southern area was the Sahra-Be-Dar neighborhood (East Sahra-Be-Dar and West Sahra-Be-Dar). The neighborhoods located in Heydarkhaneh were: Sieh-Poshun, Kornasion, Sokyun, Kat-Katon, Sardareh, Darektonha, Polodion, Lowgande (Lab-e-Khandaq), Yazdion, Sardulu (Sardolab), Ghopi A-Hosaini, Zargroun, Sieh Mansiriun, Murshidbakun, Moghadamiyon (including Sarmidon Gap and Sermidon Kowchek, Lurian, Sarmidon Sobiyoun), and the mosque neighborhood, which includes the neighborhoods of Pirnazar, Abbasion, Malekiun, Qalaq-Bazon, Chita Aghamir, Qala neighborhood, Qopi-Morteza-Ali, Borot-Kowon, Kharaton, Choliyon, and Baqonown. The neighborhoods of West Sahra-Be-Dar include Shah-Roknodin, Chinisazoon, SiMohamid, Jeldozown, Sarkandeh, Hasirbafon, Alam-Abbas, Takhteh-Keshon, Owration, and Sar-Bw-Tagh. West Sahra-Be-Dar neighborhoods include Darwaza, Dareh, Choghabafown, Nakhel Kalbi-Khan, Sahsaha, Kalowntarion, Ali Malek, Sowbiun, Bagheliun, and Hosh-Mohammadyoun In this research, the Historical houses of Shah-Roknodin, Lurian, and Qala neighborhoods have been investigated. Research shows that the connection between the Qajar buildings of Dezful and the street is divided into three categories: 1) Entrance with a Pirneshin, 2) Entrance without Pirneshin, and 3) the Cul-de-sac. By examining these types, it can be said that the direction of streets is affected by topography and climate, and the depth of the entrance is affected by the direction of the street and alley. However, the amount of shading and ventilation influences people’s choice of the best passage to access in the city. The availability of a street causes attention to the level of privacy in the houses located on that street and alley. In the east-west alleys, due to the need for shading, the depth of the southern entrances is more than the depth of the northern entrances. The depth of the entrance of the house on the north-south street is less than in the last two cases. Pirneshin is built mainly in the east-west alley, especially in the north one. Therefore, the accessibility of people and the climate have both influenced the cultural and climatic aspects of the entrance form. Thus, it can be seen that a climate solution formed over time can create a movement and transit system that, in turn, has shaped a social and cultural form